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Hydrogen is often seen as the fuel of the future on account of its zero-emission and high gravimetric energy density, meaning it stores more energy per unit of mass compared to gasoline. Its low volumetric density, however, means it takes up a large amount of space, posing challenges for efficient storage and transport.

In order to address these deficiencies, hydrogen must be compressed in tanks to 700-bar pressure, which is extremely high. This situation not only incurs high costs but also raises safety concerns.

For hydrogen-powered fuel-cell vehicles (FCVs) to become widespread, the US Department of Energy (DOE) has set specific targets for hydrogen storage systems: 6.5% of the storage material's weight should be hydrogen (gravimetric storage capacity of 6.5 wt%), and one liter of storage material should hold 50 grams of hydrogen (a volumetric storage capacity of 50 g L‒1). These targets ensure that vehicles can travel reasonable distances without excessive fuel.

Despite advancements in surpassing the DOE's gravimetric target, many adsorbent materials still struggle to meet volumetric capacity needs, and few can balance both volumetric and gravimetric targets. From an industrial standpoint, volumetric capacity is more crucial than gravimetric capacity, as vehicle storage tanks have limited space.

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